Effects of tree plantations on population and roosting ecology of an endemic agamid lizard in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot

Abstract Low‐elevation wet tropical forests support high herpetofaunal diversity but are increasingly replaced by monoculture tree plantations and have poor Protected Area coverage, leaving herpetofauna vulnerable. Research on how monoculture plantations affect reptile populations remains inconclusive, and the ecology of endemic species in these changing landscapes is poorly understood. We compared densities and roosting ecology of Monilesaurus rouxii , an endemic agamid lizard, across low‐ and high‐elevation forests and cashew and rubber plantations in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot using nocturnal transects. We found that low‐elevation forests, despite poor Protected Area coverage, had significantly higher densities of M. rouxii than high‐elevation forests and cashew plantations. Roost site use did not differ significantly across the different land uses, indicating conserved roosting behaviour. However, M. rouxii exhibited ontogenetic shifts in roosting substrate and height. Our findings highlight the conservation importance of unprotected low‐elevation forests, which are rapidly being converted to monoculture tree plantations. We show that plantation types may differ in their impacts on reptile populations. We also demonstrate the utility of nocturnal transects for population estimation of diurnal lizards.