Ballistic Performance of Raffia Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites as an Intermediate Layer in Multilayered Armor Systems

This study investigates the ballistic performance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with raffia fabric, aiming to evaluate their potential as the second layer in multilayered armor systems (MAS), replacing conventional synthetic aramid (Kevlar™) laminates. Composite plates with different volumetric fractions of raffia fabric (10, 20, and 30%) were manufactured and integrated with a ceramic front layer (Al₂O₃/Nb₂O₅) in MAS structures, which were then subjected to ballistic impact tests using high-energy 7.62 mm caliber ammunition. The backface signature (indentation depth) measured in ballistic clay, used as a human body simulant, showed that only the 10% raffia-reinforced composite (ER10) met the National Institute of Justice (NIJ 0101.06) safety threshold of 44 mm. Higher raffia contents (20% and 30%) led to increased indentation, compromising ballistic integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured surfaces revealed typical energy dissipation mechanisms, such as fiber rupture, fiber pull-out, and interfacial delamination. The results indicate that raffia fabric composites with 10% fiber content can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to Kevlar™ in personal armor applications, while maintaining compliance with ballistic protection standards.