Redox imbalance and metabolic stress in carotid atherosclerosis: Associations with symptomatology and plaque calcification

Carotid plaques associated with symptoms and lacking calcification displayed redox imbalance and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting a more biologically active and rupture-prone phenotype. Importantly, these findings support the integration of tissue oxidative biomarkers with clinical and imaging data to refine stroke risk stratification, guide secondary prevention, and improve postoperative surveillance strategies.