Health and social consequences of water collection among adolescent girls (aged 11–17) in the Yangala rural health zone, Kasai Central Province, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2024

Background In the Yangala Rural Health Zone of Kasai Central Province, access to safe drinking water remains a major challenge. Adolescent girls aged 11–17 bear a disproportionate share of this burden, often walking long distances daily to fetch water under difficult and unsafe conditions. This demanding and largely invisible responsibility has profound effects on their physical health, education, and emotional well-being. Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted in early 2024. Quantitative data were collected from 384 adolescent girls using structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were obtained through semi-structured interviews with girls, parents, and health workers. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical software, and qualitative responses were examined through thematic coding to identify recurring patterns and lived experiences. Results The findings reveal concerning trends. On average, girls spend 2–3 hours daily collecting water. Nearly 42% report frequent lateness or absenteeism from school. Physically, many experience musculoskeletal pain, chronic fatigue, and a heightened risk of waterborne infections. Social risks, including verbal harassment and fear of assault during water collection, are widespread. Psychologically, respondents expressed deep feelings of exhaustion, frustration, and unfairness, contributing to low self-esteem and emotional distress. Conclusions The study highlights an urgent need for improved water infrastructure in rural communities and for integrating gender-sensitive strategies into water and public health policies. Ensuring safer and easier access to water is essential to safeguarding the health, security, and future opportunities of adolescent girls. Behind every container carried lies not just water, but the weight of compromised education and lost potential.