Counting odd cycles in sparse pseudorandom graphs

We answer two extremal questions about odd cycles that naturally arise in the study of sparse pseudorandom graphs. Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Gamma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be an <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis n comma d comma lamda right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(n,d,\lambda )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -graph, i.e., <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -vertex, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -regular graphs with all nontrivial eigenvalues in the interval <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-bracket negative lamda comma lamda right-bracket"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[-\lambda ,\lambda ]</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Krivelevich, Lee, and Sudakov [SIAM J. Discrete Math. 24 (2010), pp. 1–16] conjectured that, whenever <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda Superscript 2 k minus 1 Baseline much-less-than d Superscript 2 k Baseline slash n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> ≪ </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda ^{2k-1}\ll d^{2k}/n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , every subgraph <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Gamma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 1 slash 2 plus o left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis e left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(1/2+o(1))e(\Gamma )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> edges contains an odd cycle <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Subscript 2 k plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C_{2k+1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Aigner-Horev, Hàn, and the third author [Combinatorica 34 (2014), pp. 379–406] proved a weaker statment by allowing an extra polylogarithmic factor in the assumption <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda Superscript 2 k minus 1 Baseline much-less-than d Superscript 2 k Baseline slash n">

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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2025-10-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/17216
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graph theory and CDMA systems
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article
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article

Counting odd cycles in sparse pseudorandom graphs

Sören Berger, Joonkyung Lee, Mathias Schacht
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
graph theory and CDMA systems
article

Counting odd cycles in sparse pseudorandom graphs

Sören Berger, Joonkyung Lee, Mathias Schacht
article en

Abstract

We answer two extremal questions about odd cycles that naturally arise in the study of sparse pseudorandom graphs. Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Gamma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be an <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis n comma d comma lamda right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(n,d,\lambda )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -graph, i.e., <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -vertex, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -regular graphs with all nontrivial eigenvalues in the interval <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-bracket negative lamda comma lamda right-bracket"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[-\lambda ,\lambda ]</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Krivelevich, Lee, and Sudakov [SIAM J. Discrete Math. 24 (2010), pp. 1–16] conjectured that, whenever <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda Superscript 2 k minus 1 Baseline much-less-than d Superscript 2 k Baseline slash n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> ≪ </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda ^{2k-1}\ll d^{2k}/n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , every subgraph <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Gamma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 1 slash 2 plus o left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis e left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(1/2+o(1))e(\Gamma )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> edges contains an odd cycle <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Subscript 2 k plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C_{2k+1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Aigner-Horev, Hàn, and the third author [Combinatorica 34 (2014), pp. 379–406] proved a weaker statment by allowing an extra polylogarithmic factor in the assumption <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda Superscript 2 k minus 1 Baseline much-less-than d Superscript 2 k Baseline slash n">

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Universität Hamburg (DE), Yonsei University (KR)
Openalex Percentile: Top 70%
graph theory and CDMA systems
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