Dopamine Sensing in Biological Systems via Carbon Nanostructures‐Based Biosensors: Toward Neuropsychological Monitoring

Abstract Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals between nerve cells, playing a vital role in the proper functioning of both the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine (DA) is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a key role in both the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, helping to regulate functions like movement, motivation, and the brain's reward response. Psychiatric disorders are linked to significant alterations in DA levels, necessitating sensitive and selective detection methods. Recent advancements in DA biosensing include the integration of carbon nanostructured materials in electrochemical sensors for enhanced sensitivity, and the development of colorimetric and fluorescence‐based optical platforms for real time, noninvasive detection. This review elucidates the diverse carbon nanostructure‐based biosensors for the detection of varied analytes and specifically DA employing colorimetric and electrochemical detection techniques. Acomprehensive overview of recent advances in DA sensing based on carbon nanostructures, highlighting their potential as robust and selective biosensors for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders is well projected here. The review states the importance of carbon nanostructures in translational research for sensing with real clinical samples. Next generation sensors with hybrid carbon nanostructure on varied platforms like paper and thread involving AI technique will facilitate wearable and disposable sensor technology as futuristic area to explore.