Guidance for avoiding patient pain and discomfort during transurethral cystoscopy

While no single intervention eliminates discomfort, several low-cost, easily implementable strategies, such as increased irrigation pressure, patient-selected music, and real-time visualization, demonstrate meaningful benefit. Pharmacologic interventions may be appropriate for select high-risk patients. Future efforts should prioritize multimodal, personalized approaches and real-world implementation research. Integrating patient-centered discomfort mitigation into routine cystoscopy workflows represents a tangible opportunity to improve procedural quality and adherence in urologic care.