Hemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance profiles of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates from clinical patients

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a common human pathogen that can cause vascular and skin infections, and patients undergoing hemodialysis are particularly susceptible to vascular access infections caused by <i>S. aureus</i>. Hemolysins are important virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance poses challenges for treatment. In this study, <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were collected from hemodialysis patients with vascular access, such as arteriovenous grafts, tunneled-cuffed catheters, and arteriovenous fistulas, as well as from non-vascular access infection (VAI) patients. The hemolytic phenotype and eight antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates were tested, and PCR was used to detect hemolysin (<i>hla</i>, <i>hlb</i>, <i>hld</i>, and <i>hlgC</i>/<i>B</i>) and antibiotic resistance genes (<i>accA-aphD</i>, <i>tetM</i>, and <i>tetK</i>). The results showed that methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA) isolates exhibited only β- and γ-hemolytic phenotypes. The <i>hla</i> and <i>hld</i> genes were the most frequently detected hemolysin genes, whereas <i>hlb</i> was the least common. Over 80% of both MRSA and MSSA isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin, with multidrug resistance observed more frequently in MRSA. Distinct antibiotic resistance gene patterns were observed in MRSA and MSSA isolates. Despite these differences in gene patterns, no obvious differences were found between VAI and non-VAI patients, or between MRSA and MSSA isolates. These findings provide a better understanding of the hemolytic characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates collected from hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis patients, contributing to more targeted and effective treatment strategies.IMPORTANCE<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a common human pathogen, and dialysis patients are at higher risk of infection compared to the general population because this bacterium can colonize medical devices and vascular access catheters. Among its various virulence factors, hemolysins play a crucial role by damaging host cells and helping the bacteria evade immune defenses. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>, especially methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>, further complicating treatment. This study aims to investigate the types of hemolysins, the distribution of hemolysin and antibiotic resistance genes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from patients with vascular access-related and non-vascular access infections, providing a reference for infection control and treatment strategies.