Preoperative Cannabis Use Is Associated With Elevated Risk for Complications and Revision Surgery After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion

Preoperative cannabis use is associated with higher rates of medical and surgical complications, as well as an increased risk of revision surgery after ACDF. With cannabis use projected to rise markedly among surgical patients, these findings highlight its potential role as a modifiable risk factor, similar to tobacco use. Recognizing this association, incorporating evidence-based risk stratification, cannabis cessation counseling, and optimized perioperative care pathways may help reduce complication rates and improve fusion outcomes in patients undergoing ACDF.