Testicular germ cell tumors and molecular biomarkers

Further studies on additional noninvasive biomarkers with high sensitivity are necessary. In this setting, miR-371a-3p remains the most promising biomarker, approaching clinical implementation soon. Other promising approaches are being studied but to date with significantly less accuracy than miR-371a-3p. Future studies on liquid biopsies should focus on the detection of teratoma and prediction of relapse, with the field of miRNAs and ctDNA being the most promising.