A Novel Continuous Three‐Dimensional Adaptive Finite‐Time Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Guidance Law With Impact Angle and Input Saturation Constraints for Intercepting Maneuvering Targets

ABSTRACT The guidance laws for intercepting maneuvering targets in three‐dimensional (3D) space poses considerable challenges owing to various inescapable factors. These factors include the impact angle, input saturation constraints, and uncertainty. To address these challenges, a novel universal operator, denoted as |||·||| is introduced for the first time. This operator, when employed to represent sliding surface vectors, demonstrates a closer alignment with practical scenarios compared to the traditional Euclidean vector norm ||·||. Following this, a novel universal fixed‐time nonsingular terminal sliding surface is introduced in both scalar and vector representations, effectively resolving issues related to singular points and achieving reduced convergence times. Additionally, Furthermore, a new continuous adaptive finite‐time nonsingular terminal sliding mode guidance law (CAFnTNTSMGL) has been formulated. This guidance law incorporates a newly proposed sliding surface, a modified finite‐time super‐twisting algorithm, and a parameter‐adaptive law. The system's stability and its finite convergence time are subsequently demonstrated. Finally, the effectiveness of CAFnTNTSMGL is validated through a comparative analysis of simulation results. CAFnTNTSMGL has the capacity to effectively mitigate the negative effects resulting from the indeterminate upper limit of the overall uncertainty has less intercept time, smaller terminal line‐of‐sight (LOS) angle error, smaller maximum field of view, and smaller total cost of energy.