Enhancing atomization and spray patterns of spray G in a gasoline direct injection system using biofuel blends with gasoline

Renewable fuels are derived from natural and replenished sources. They offer a sustainable and cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security through diversification and create economic opportunities. Butanol and ethanol have emerged as promising renewable alternatives to conventional gasoline for spark-ignition engines and flex-fuel vehicles. This research analyse the liquid and vapor penetration behaviours of binary and ternary blends of biofuels and gasoline fuels compared to single-component fuels in a gasoline direct injection system. Simulation of spray G in GDI engine is carried by the computational fluid dynamics code CONVERGE v2.4. The Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Renormalization k-ε turbulence model is considered for this work. The latest experimental data from Engine combustion network data uses to validate the work. Results show that for all gasoline-ethanol blends, the higher penetration for both liquid and vapor phases are increases by 0.18%, 0.19% respectively for increase in ethanol proportion. Sauter Mean Diameter decreases by 0.75%. Also, G60E40 give the better results among all the blends. To overcome some disadvantages of ethanol this study added butanol into the fuel blends to further enhance the overall advantages of biofuels. For gasoline-ethanol-butanol blends the liquid and vapor penetration is increased by 0.13%, 0.17% respectively with decrement of SMD by 0.11%. G20E60B20 perform better among all blends. It also observed that for gasoline-ethanol-butanol blends, the liquid and vapor penetration for G100 is lower and all SMD curves lies between G100 and G15E85 fuels. No significant difference is observed when part of ethanol is replaced by butanol thereby indicating that GEB blends can be used in a Gasoline Direct Injection-based Flexible Fuel Vehicles and the ethanol concentration can be replaced with some amount of butanol for its benefits.