Time and Policy Diffusion: Analysing Subnational Education Policy in Brazil

ABSTRACT Time has recently gained prominence as a critical factor in policy diffusion studies at the international level and in studies examining federal systems. Nevertheless, empirical research investigating the role of time in subnational policy diffusion processes remains scarce. This paper seeks to contribute to this debate by understanding how time interacts with other variables, such as agency, relations, ideas, and federal dynamics in the diffusion of education policies in Brazilian states. The qualitative and historical analysis of data collected in academic publications, documents, and in‐depth interviews shows three different phases in which time intersects with actors, ideas, and relations. The sequence of events, timing, and rhythms prove crucial, and increasing returns reinforced Ceará's programme over time and its adoption elsewhere. Knowledge production, horizontal cooperation, and the growing legitimacy of Ceará's experience also create favourable conditions for diffusion. The process unfolds through multiple venues, directions, and actors, while reshaping policy instruments.