Coordinated configuration of wind-PV-battery-hydrogen integrated distribution systems under bi-level optimization framework

To improve operational coordination and economic performance in multi-region distribution networks with high penetration of renewable energy, this paper proposes a coordinated optimization method for wind-PV-battery-hydrogen systems by integrating cluster partitioning and a hydrogen trading mechanism. A bi-level optimization framework is developed: the upper level employs an Improved White Shark Optimization (IWSO) algorithm to determine the capacity allocation of wind turbines, photovoltaics, battery storage, and hydrogen storage within each region; the lower level minimizes the operational cost using a rolling dispatch strategy solved by a mathematical programming solver. Simulation studies based on a cluster-partitioned IEEE 33-bus system with integrated electricity-hydrogen trading demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces total system cost and power losses, while enhancing voltage stability at network nodes. The results validate the feasibility of combining cluster-based partitioning with hydrogen market mechanisms, offering methodological insights for regional energy system planning and market design.