Microplastics: A Potential Vector for Pathogens in Aquatic Ecosystems

This review addresses the critical issue of microplastic (MP) pollution in aquatic environments, with an emphasis on the potential role of MPs as vectors for pathogens. The persistence of MPs, resulting from their strong resistance to degradation, poses major global environmental and public-health challenges. Their inherent stability and large surface area promote pathogen adhesion, rendering MPs a favorable medium for the adsorption and transport of both pollutants and microorganisms. This review first explores the key physicochemical properties of MPs and the decisive factors that influence pathogen adhesion to MP surfaces. It then examines the environmental impacts and associated health risks of MP pollution in marine and freshwater ecosystems, along with its implications for human exposure through the food chain. A critical analysis and discussion of the multiple dimensions of MPs as potential vectors for pathogens highlight the urgent need to implement advanced waste-management strategies and water-treatment technologies. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the necessity of an integrated research approach to elucidate the mechanisms and impacts of MPs as pathogen carriers in aquatic ecosystems.