ECG-CBA: An End-to-End Deep Learning Model for ECG Anomaly Detection Using CNN, Bi-LSTM, and Attention Mechanism

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital diagnostic tool used to monitor heart activity and detect cardiac abnormalities, such as arrhythmias. Accurate classification of normal and abnormal heartbeats is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Traditional deep learning methods for automated ECG classification primarily focus on reconstructing the original ECG signal and detecting anomalies based on reconstruction errors, which represent abnormal features. However, these approaches struggle with unseen or underrepresented abnormalities in the training data. In addition, other methods rely on manual feature extraction, which can introduce bias and limit their adaptability to new datasets. To overcome this problem, this study proposes an end-to-end model called ECG-CBA, which integrates the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory networks (Bi-LSTM), and a multi-head Attention mechanism. ECG-CBA model learns discriminative features directly from the original dataset rather than relying on feature extraction or signal reconstruction. This enables higher accuracy and reliability in detecting and classifying anomalies. The CNN extracts local spatial features from raw ECG signals, while the Bi-LSTM captures the temporal dependencies in sequential data. An attention mechanism enables the model to primarily focus on critical segments of the ECG, thereby improving classification performance. The proposed model is trained on normal and abnormal ECG signals for binary classification. The ECG-CBA model demonstrates strong performance on the ECG5000 and MIT-BIH datasets, achieving accuracies of 99.60% and 98.80%, respectively. The model surpasses traditional methods across key metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification accuracy. This offers a robust and interpretable solution for both ECG-based anomaly detection and cardiac abnormality classification.