Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Advancements and Clinical Applications

Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and functional impairment. Reliable biomarkers are essential for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Method: This review, conducted in line with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematically analyzed recent studies on imaging, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), blood-based, and digital biomarkers. Relevant literature was identified through database searches and screened for clinical applicability, advantages, and limitations. Results: Imaging biomarkers, such as amyloid-PET and tau-PET, provide direct visualization of AD pathology, while CSF biomarkers, including amyloid-β and tau proteins, demonstrate strong diagnostic and prognostic value. Blood-based biomarkers have emerged as minimally invasive alternatives suitable for large-scale screening and longitudinal follow-up. In addition, digital biomarkers derived from wearable devices and cognitive assessments offer innovative approaches for real-time monitoring of cognitive and functional decline. Discussion: Advances across these biomarker modalities indicate a shift toward earlier detection and personalized disease management. However, challenges remain, including population variability, lack of standardization, cost, and integration into clinical workflows. Addressing these issues is essential to ensure broader adoption in clinical practice. Conclusion: Recent progress in biomarker research offers great promise for transforming AD diagnosis and treatment. The combined application of imaging, fluid, and digital biomarkers may enable comprehensive, individualized management and support the development of more effective therapeutic interventions.