Graphene-based materials for neuromuscular regeneration: a perspective on eco-friendly reduction approaches

Graphene-based nanomaterials are promising candidates for neuromuscular regeneration due to their electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and functionalizability. In this perspective, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a one-step green process using Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts. The extracts acted as reducing and stabilizing agents and left bioactive catechins and polyphenols adsorbed on the graphene surface. The resulting nanocomposites combined structural support, electrical conductivity, and bioactive molecular modulation. rGO can provide scaffolding for cell growth, while the retained plant metabolites contributed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Incorporation of metallic nanoparticles enhanced mechanical strength, surface reactivity, and antimicrobial properties. These multifunctional graphene-metal nanocomposites offer a sustainable and biocompatible platform for guiding neuromuscular regeneration and represent a promising basis for future clinical translation.