Joint neutrino oscillation analysis from the T2K and NOvA experiments
The landmark discovery that neutrinos have mass and can change type (or flavour) as they propagate-a process called neutrino oscillation<sup>1-6</sup>-has opened up a rich array of theoretical and experimental questions being actively pursued today. Neutrino oscillation remains the most powerful experimental tool for addressing many of these questions, including whether neutrinos violate charge-parity (CP) symmetry, which has possible connections to the unexplained preponderance of matter over antimatter in the Universe<sup>7-11</sup>. Oscillation measurements also probe the mass-squared differences between the different neutrino mass states (Δm<sup>2</sup>), whether there are two light states and a heavier one (normal ordering) or vice versa (inverted ordering), and the structure of neutrino mass and flavour mixing<sup>12</sup>. Here we carry out the first joint analysis of datasets from NOvA<sup>13</sup> and T2K<sup>14</sup>, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments (hundreds of kilometres of neutrino travel distance), taking advantage of our complementary experimental designs and setting new constraints on several neutrino sector parameters. This analysis provides new precision on the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>32</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> mass difference, finding <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.03</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.04</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>eV</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the normal ordering and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.04</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.03</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>eV</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the inverted ordering, as well as a 3σ interval on δ<sub>CP</sub> of [-1.38π, 0.30π] in the normal ordering and [-0.92π, -0.04π] in the inverted ordering. The data show no strong preference for either mass ordering, but notably, if inverted ordering were assumed true within the three-flavour mixing model, then our results would provide evidence of CP symmetry violation in the lepton sector.
Authors
- S. Nelleri
- R. Nichol
- Yuta Kawamura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-8493)
- S.C. Joshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0713-7361)
- B. Jargowsky
- E. C. Dukes
- Lucile Mellet
- T. Holvey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2473-938X)
- A. Habig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-9383)
- V. Mikola
- S. Levorato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-5355)
- V. Kus
- M. R. Vagins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-0480)
- Robert J. Harris (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-4640)
- N. Kishore Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-0738)
- H. Meyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-0367)
- N. Tran
- M. Lawe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-5972)
- Prokar Dasgupta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8690-0445)
- Adrien Blanchet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4992-0161)
- Xingyu Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1348-5732)
- D. Whittington
- N. Balashov
- M. L. Marshak
- J. M. Carceller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-5140)
- S. Abubakar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3086-5550)
- A. Rychter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9666-5394)
- A. Yankelevich
- D. Martin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-9706)
- M. MacMahon
- S. Calvez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-0088)
- Ryuji Okazaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0177-7527)
- T. Lackey
- N. Buchanan
- Rajat Banerjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-7210)
- P. F. Derwent
- S. Shukla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-9886)
- S. Lewis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0493-3518)
- Anne Chalumeau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-1401)
- N. Talukdar
- Carl Maria von Weber
- R. Kurjata (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-910X)
- D. Douqa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-7618)
- D. Fedorova
- N. Yershov
- M. Kabirnezhad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-2259)
- R. Kralik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7557-5085)
- M. Martini
- D. Last
- Y. Takeuchi
- Dinesh Kumar Singha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-4691)
- R. Ehrlich
- L. Koch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-7461)
- Y. Hayato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-5038)
- R. Bowles
- Daisuke Wakabayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-5735)
- V. Berardi
- L. Kneale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-1244)
- A. Moren
- John B. Kisiel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-5324)
- M. Rajaoalisoa
- A. Olshevskiy
- T. Kutter
- Kendall Mahn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-5928)
- J. P. McKean (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-9552)
- C. D. Kuruppu
- P. Govindaraj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-0953)
- H. Zhong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8324-5158)
- M. Batkiewicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-9363)
- C. Touramanis
- K. Nakagiri
- T. Nosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8829-5605)
- T. Arihara
- A. Antoshkin
- A. Morozova
- K. S. McFarland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-5005)
- Takashi Honjo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-1266)
- L. W. Koerner
- C. McGrew (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-3739)
- M. Feltre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-3913)
- Th. A. Mueller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2743-4741)
- E. Rondio
- S. R. Mishra
- E. A. G. Goodman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-5144)
- V. Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4535-6230)
- J. Trokan-Tenorio
- P. Snopok (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-1633)
- P. Adamson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-6938)
- Michael S. Titus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-4505)
- K. Nakamura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3302-7325)
- G. Eurin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-3960)
- C. Sweeney
- T. K. Warburton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5231-072X)
- Z. Djurcic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7872-5445)
- T. Contreras
- Y. Ashida
- J. E. Elias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-4124)
- A. Rafique
- Y. Nagai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-5005)
- P. Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-1918)
- James A. Lock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-677X)
- N. Skrobova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-6655)
- L. Kolupaeva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-6494)
- J. F. Laporte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5314)
- A. Pal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-5431)
- N. Jachowicz
- K. Heller
- T. J. Carroll
- N Latham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-8013)
- K. Soustružnı́k (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1264-9109)
- I. A. Suslov
- A. Sousa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-1409)
- A. Kalitkina
- R. Mohanta
- David Langridge
- R. Matsumoto
- K. Niewczas
- M. C. Goodman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-8940)
- M. O. Wascko
- A. Sheshukov
- A. C. Booth
- R. P. Litchfield (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5914-4733)
- Kerry Dobbs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-3137)
- R. Akutsu
- L. Cremonesi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0711-1056)
- J. A. Caballero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-0874)
- J. T. Sobczyk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-2919)
- T. Thakore
- Y. Oyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-0285)
- M. T. Manoharan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8455-6951)
- J. Walsh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5215)
- J. Urheim
- M. J. Frank
- T. Nakadaira
- I. Singh
- T. Sekiya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-9000)
- O. Samoylov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-8230)
- S. Roth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-2223)
- C. L. Davis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-0513)
- A. Yahaya
- B. Brahma
- P. N. Ratoff (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-3729)
- Paul Bates (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963)
- S. Arimoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-1321)
- B. S. Acharya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-9157)
- R. González-Jiménez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-0619)
- A. Aurisano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-9338)
- D. Henaff (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3091)
- I. Kakorin
- P. Sharma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-9558)
- M. Martinez-Casales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-8186)
- P. Tas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-7548)
- D. Ferlewicz
- S. Sánchez Falero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6558-1614)
- A. Klustová
- L. R. Prais (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-9472)
- Jun Hu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-9691)
- P. Morrison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8961-8549)
- A.J. Finch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-6031)
- K. Hosokawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8766-3629)
- Deborah A. Harris (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-0001)
- L. Panda
- C. M. Schloesser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-6268)
- L. Mualem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-5100)
- D. A. Wickremasinghe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-0455)
- T. E. Coan
- S. Magill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-5688)
- F. Cadoux
- Elias Robles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-0810)
- A. Holin
- Julie Y. Ji (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-5963)
- B. Ramson
- S. Han
- R. C. Group (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4097-5254)
- M. D. Messier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6530-1176)
- L. Munteanu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-8898)
- B. Rebel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6791-8703)
- L. Wan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-6137)
- D. Dueñas Tonguino
- A. Bubak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7643-1534)
- Doan Trang Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0359)
- M. Muether
- Taiyu Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9782-3470)
- F. Pupilli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-7933)
- W. A. Mann
- P. Dunne (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-1882)
- G. Zarnecki
- A. Barros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-9153)
- H. M. O’Keeffe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-3598)
- A. A. Sztuc (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-3455)
- R. Chirco
- L. N. Machado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-4183)
- D. Naples
- V. Bhatnagar
- V. Raj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-6370)
- Nobuhiko Onda
- A. Christensen
- V. Hewes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-3067)
- S. Bolognesi
- J. Kleykamp
- S. Karpova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4081-7632)
- Y. Kudenko
- E. Radicioni
- Z. Vallari
- M. Dolce
- W. Saenz
- M. A. Ramírez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7580-9491)
- Tim Peacock
- J. Lesmeister
- S. Cap (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-0757)
- T. Yano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-1709)
- K. Skwarczynski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6967-9715)
- C. Forza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9260-2354)
- B. Popov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-9301)
- E. Villa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-9022)
- Erin Ewart (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-2960)
- L. Bathe-Peters
- S. Abe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-5130)
- P. Roy
- M. Ishitsuka
- T. Katori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-9482)
- L. Asquith
- T. Hasegawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-1954)
- D. Coveyou
- B. Bhuyan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-3594)
- Alfonso Muñoz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-6518)
- Tokonatsu Yamamoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9734-8203)
- Y. Torun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2336-6585)
- Yuji Noguchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7720-1837)
- Michael Pfaff
- A. Ivanova
- Y. Nakano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-3888)
- Nagamitsu Yoshimura
- Joshua Porter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-2438)
- C. Riccio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-1635)
- N. Solomey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-6336)
- K. Dygnarowicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8711-9420)
- T. A. Doyle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-0559)
- P. T. Quyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-4910)
- Mustafa Ozkaynak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-5125)
- P. Lasorak
- S. Miki
- L. Giannessi
- E. Catano-Mur
- Tyler Horoho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-4814)
- Y. Xiao
- A. Norman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-956X)
- T. Ishida
- M. A. Acero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-0641)
- L. L. Kormos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-1672)
- H. Gallagher
- Greg Pawloski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-4387)
- V. Kurochka
- H. Tanigawa
- C. Giganti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-2345)
- O. Klimov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-0535)
- B. Yaeggy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0992-0041)
- T. Dealtry (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9444)
- W. Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4379-9548)
- Y. Furui
- A. Giri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-0128)
- T. Tsukamoto
- K. Yonehara
- N. F. Calabria (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3590-2808)
- S. B. Boyd
- A. Dye
- C. Dalmazzone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-5845)
- Y. Kudo
- Yoshiki J. Sato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-0373)
- S. King (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4066-0639)
- M. He
- Mário Lachat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7812-2110)
- D. Cherdack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-728X)
- K. Gorshanov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-5962)
- J. Lagoda
- А. Н. Шмаков (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-1843)
- T. Nakaya
- Gareth J. Barker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-7421)
- Bindu A. Bambah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-7464)
- K. Scholberg
- A. Sutton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5346)
- Н. Анфимов (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-7574)
- G. D. Megias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-1343)
- G. S. Davies (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5728-5356)
- D. D’Ago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6351)
- A. Khanam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-7277)
- R. Bernstein
- S. Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-5324)
- D. Leon Silverio
- A. Zalewska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-055X)
- P. Vahle
- E. Kearns (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-150X)
- A. Weber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8222-6681)
- A. Konaka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-9195)
- C. K. Jung
- B. Mehta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4805)
- Christopher Densham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-1075)
- Jingkai Xia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-3452)
- N. Thamm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0313-5931)
- E. W. Miller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-7381)
- J. Zalipska
- E. T. Atkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-0918)
- S. Manly
- D. Riley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6903-6624)
- M. C. Sánchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-1330)
- U. Yevarouskaya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-4735)
- J. P. Cesar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-0023)
- X.-G. Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3077-1805)
- Y. Shiraishi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-3923)
- S. M. Lakshmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-632X)
- P de Perio
- Hari Prasad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0486-1919)
- Pierre Baldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-4664)
- A. V. Waldron (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-3475)
- K. Lang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-7223)
- A. Izmaylov
- A. Norrick
- E. Arrieta-Diaz
- G. Erofeev
- J. García-Marcos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2753-1864)
- W. Okinaga
- N. Baudis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-8226)
- K. J. Vockerodt
- A. Cooleybeck
- M. C. F. Hooft
- Burcu Kirezli
- I. Heitkamp
- K. A. Apte
- V. S. Kasturi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-9150)
- J. Mirabito
- H. Alarakia-Charles
- Y. I. Alj Hakim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-1303)
- M. Kolupanova
- L. Osu
- A. J. Portocarrero Yrey
- Y. Stroke
- A. Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-9079)
- H. Kakuno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-6055)
- Y. F. Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4237-5874)
- E. Tiras (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5628-7464)
- A. K. Ichikawa
- T. Miao
- A. D. Marino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-538X)
- C. Jesús-Valls (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0154-2456)
- A. Eguchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7753-8656)
- W. Mu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5849-5689)
- A. Langella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-3558)
- L. Magaletti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-8998)
- H. Zheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5509-4970)
- Botao Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0097-3367)
- C. Wret (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-7605)
- M. Ziembicki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-8926)
- S. Bhattacharjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5099-7070)
- A. Lister (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-6425)
- V. A. Baranov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-499X)
- Daniel Tran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-649X)
- A. Ershova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6335-2343)
- K. Abe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9620-788X)
- W. Shorrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-1910)
- S. L. Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-3532)
- Daniel L. Barrow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-7883)
- H. T. Wallace
- T. Olson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-9270)
- U. Virginet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-7378)
- G. Collazuol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-6124)
- S. J. Jenkins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-8141)
- R. B. Patterson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5787-9517)
- N. Ospina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-1808)
- F. Di Lodovico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-2175)
- Meng Jia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-0909)
- G. Anthony Reina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9259)
- M. Yokoyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-0251)
- E. Sandford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-8619)
- T. Lux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-0856)
- M. D. Fitton
- V.V. Tereshchenko
- A. Smith
- Armando Lopes Moreno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1065-5863)
- K. Mavrokoridis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-4519)
- R. A. Gomes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-4876)
- K. Ieki
- Y. S. Prabhu
- R. Plunkett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6770-1771)
- H. Sekiya
- M. Zito
- S. Y. Suzuki
- C. Mauger
- S. Mine
- N. McCauley
- K. Lachner
- L Ludovici
- A. Chvirova
- A. Dergacheva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-4234)
- V.V. Tereshchenko
- V.Q Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-1690)
- O. Mineev
- L. O’Sullivan
- D. Carabadjac
- Y. Yoshimoto
- V. Kiseeva
- T. Vladisavljevic
- T. Wachala
- A. Shvartsman
- A. J. Speers
- M. Guigue
- A. C. Germer
- K. Kowalik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-714X)
- D. Payne
- D. Sgalaberna
- D. Smyczek
- P. Jonsson
- A. Blondel
- M. Shiozawa
- W. Li
- P. F. Ding (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-1753)
- L. Pickering
- J. Hartnell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-7955)
- J. Wolcott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0544-3030)
- M. Lamers James (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4138-6654)
- J. P. Coleman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-0889)
- A. Mefodiev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-0115)
- N. T. Hong Van
- M. Khabibullin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-0464)
- M. Tada
- V. Paolone
- S. Fedotov
- S. L. Cartwright
- Flynn Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-2990)
- J. Holeczek
- J. Dumarchez
- K. Nakayoshi
- Y. Fujii
- Y. Uchida
- L. Labarga
- S. Moriyama
- C. Yanagisawa
- M. Scott
- M. Ikeda
- S. Dolan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2410-6550)
- S. Emery-Schrenk
- K. Okumura
- D. M. Kaplan
- M. Posiadała-Zezula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5154-5348)
- M. Wetstein
- L. Russo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-8392)
- Thomas Peter Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-7255)
- A. Rubbia
- T. Nakaya
- A. Suzuki
- B. Radics
- M. Laveder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-031X)
- R. Wendell
- Y. Nakajima
- A. Butkevich
- E. F. Bannister
- B. C. Choudhary
- O. Drapier
- S. Nakayama
- G. Vasseur
- V. Glagolev
- K. Bays
- J. Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-7832)
- Lluisa Maria Mir Martinez
- Y. Kataoka
- K. Yamamoto
- C. Lin
- V. Matveev
- M. Gonin
- J. Bian
- C. Bronner
- D. Wark
- N. C. Hastings
- L. Feng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1768-7755)
- M. Tzanov
- J. Smolík
- J. M. Hays
- R. Zwaska
- S. S. Chhibra
- A. C. Kaboth
- J. Pasternak
- T. Sekiguchi
- M. Strait
- G. De Rosa
- M. Friend
- L. Berns
- Y. Koshio
- B. Quilain
- Ciaran Hasnip (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3269-1358)
- M. F. Cicala
- R. Zaki
- A. Longhin
- M. Wallbank
- Marco Grassi
- R. Spina
- E. D. Zimmerman
- Y. Seiya
- A. Teklu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-7863)
- L. Lavitola
- J. C. Nugent
- F. Sánchez
- J. Chakrani
- T. Daret (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-8311)
- J. González Rosa
- D. Munford
- A. Cudd
- S. Han
- S. Zadorozhnyy
- A. Himmel
- P. Filip (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-7053)
- J. Kameda
- A. Baty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5423-4599)
- T. J. C. Bezerra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-7903)
- C. Bromberg
- M. Smy
- C. Metelko
- C. E. R. Naseby
- S. Zsoldos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-763X)
- L. Anthony
- K. Sakashita
- I.I. Vasilyev
- D. A. Martínez Caicedo
- M. G. Catanesi
- F. Nova
- S Nishimori
- S. Samani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-709X)
- Yu. I. Davydov
- M. Manrique Plata
- S. Aoki
- M. Mezzetto
- M. P. Casado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-5646)
- T. Arai
- S. Tairafune
- K. E. Duffy
- S. Kodama
- F. Hakl
- G. Barr
- Richard Ramsden
- Robert Hatcher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-0584)
- M. Miura
- N. Roy
- T. Okusawa
- K. Mulder
- R. Petti
- P. Shanahan
- W. H. Miller
- G. Lopez
- C. Wilkinson
- A. Khotjantsev
- H. Sobel
- K. Wood
- A. Shaikhiev
- M. Varghese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6123-6223)
- S. Alonso Monsalve
- S. Bordoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-0631)
- T. Matsubara
- M. Mandal
- S. K. Swain
- Michael Wilking (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-7274)
- D. MYERS
- L. Suter
- Daniela Azevedo
- K. K. Mahtani
- H. Oh
- Y. Nishimura
- E. Niner
- J. Zalesak
- H. Kobayashi
- M. Reh
- Y. Hino
- M. Kawaue
- J. K. Nelson
- A. Takeda
- H.O. Back (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2117-4865)
- J. R. Wilson
- T. Schefke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-8276)
- Jinzhi Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-830X)
- J. Thomas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4291-0294)
- S. Hassani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-5110)
- M. Buizza Avanzini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-7572)
- K. Choi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4893-3729)
- J. Paley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-861X)
- A. A. L. Craplet
- Jing Jiang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0489-2217)
- M Girgus
- P. M. M. Boistier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6806-473X)
- D. Seppala
- H. Adhkary
- Ajit M. Srivastava (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-3975)
- Abhay K. Jha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8108-6257)
- F. Cormier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8562-6832)
Institutions
- Florida State University (US)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
- University of Delhi (IN)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- TRIUMF (CA)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IN)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Okayama University of Science (JP)
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- École Polytechnique (FR)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Miyagi University of Education (JP)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Borough of Manhattan Community College (US)
- Tokyo University of Science (JP)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- William & Mary (US)
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (IN)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VN)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Yokohama National University (JP)
- Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (US)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- York University (CA)
- Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- Keio University (JP)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Cochin University of Science and Technology (IN)
- Charles University (CZ)
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- University of Magdalena (CO)
- Williams (United States) (US)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- University of Atlántico (CO)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (JP)
- Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University (TR)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (RU)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- University of Hyderabad (IN)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Wichita State University (US)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Institute of Physics (PL)
- Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry (JP)
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL)
- Twin Cities Orthopedics (US)
- Institute for Nuclear Research (RU)
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- University of Minnesota, Duluth (US)
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (RU)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ)
- International Centre for Interdisciplinary Science and Education (VN)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (FR)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computer Science (CZ)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR)
- University of Toyama (JP)
- Osaka Metropolitan University (JP)
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (JP)
- University of Houston (US)
- Czech Technical University in Prague (CZ)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Panjab University (IN)
- University of Virginia (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées (FR)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IN)
- Kobe University (JP)
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- VNU University of Science (VN)
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (BR)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- Tokyo Metropolitan University (JP)
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VN)
- Syracuse University (US)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Tokyo International University (JP)
- University of South Alabama (US)
- University of Silesia in Katowice (PL)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Erciyes University (TR)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Banaras Hindu University (IN)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-10-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09599-3
- Citations
- 7
- Primary Topic
- Neutrino Physics Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 13.09
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Foundation for Science and Technology Development
- University of Minnesota
- Grantová Agentura, Univerzita Karlova
- Universidad de Sevilla
- CERN
- UK Research and Innovation
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- China Scholarship Council
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás
- Russian Science Foundation
- Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
- Sorbonne Université
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- Office of Science
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
- Fermilab