Torticollis in rabbits: can they lead a ‘normal’ life?

Torticollis in rabbits most commonly results from Encephalitozoon cuniculi or otitis media/interna and presents with vestibular signs such as head tilt, ataxia, circling and rolling. Management is aetiology-dependent: E. cuniculi cases focus on controlling signs and limiting progression, whereas otitis media/interna often requires analgesia, antimicrobials, vestibular support and, where medical therapy is insufficient, bulla osteotomy following appropriate imaging. Using the five welfare needs as a framework, this article considers how head tilt can compromise environment, diet, normal behaviour, social housing and protection from pain, suffering, injury and disease. Key practical points include avoiding immobilisation after acute vestibular episodes, adapting housing for safety without unduly reducing enrichment, supporting nutrition, and weighing risks to both the affected rabbit and companions during bonding. Stress, caregiver bias and the unpredictable course of E. cuniculi complicate decision-making. Structured quality-of-life assessments and clear, non-judgemental communication support case-by-case, welfare-led care.