Isoniazid Encapsulated Liposomes Drug Delivery as an Anti-Tubercular Agents: from Pre-clinical to Clinical Investigations

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat to mankind, despite the availability of the anti-Tubercular drugs in the market. Isoniazid (INH) is a cornerstone of TB treatment; however, its efficacy is often hampered by issues such as poor solubility, non-specific distribution, and adverse effects. Encapsulation of INH within liposomes offers a promising solution to overcome these limitations, providing a platform for targeted drug delivery and sustained release. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of liposomal INH in improving drug bioavailability, enhancing sustained release, and optimizing biodistribution. Pharmacokinetic evaluations in animal models have revealed prolonged plasma half-life and increased area under the curve, indicating improved systemic drug exposure compared to free INH. Toxicity assessments have revealed a favorable safety profile, with no significant adverse effects observed at therapeutic doses. These preclinical findings have paved the way for clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of liposomal INH in human subjects. Early clinical investigations have provided encouraging results, demonstrating the feasibility of liposomal INH as a potential therapeutic option for TB. However, challenges such as optimizing dosage regimens and establishing long-term safety profiles remain to be addressed. Future advancements in the field may involve the refinement of liposomal formulations, incorporation of innovative targeting strategies, and integration of personalized medicine approaches to tailor treatment regimens to individual patient needs. In conclusion, INH-encapsulated liposomes represent a promising approach to enhance TB treatment outcomes by addressing the limitations of conventional INH therapy. Further research efforts are warranted to realize the full potential of liposomal-based therapies in the fight against TB and to contribute to the global efforts to eradicate this infectious disease.