Microwave (MW) and ultrasound-ultraviolet (US/UV) energy-assisted green synthesis of Spiro heterocycles for high-yield efficiency and agrochemical applications

In the present work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of novel spiroheterocyclic compounds, motivated by their potential applications as pesticides. These products represent a direction of considerable scientific significance and practical value for sustainable development. To upward the green chemistry principles, efficient exploring and environmentally crucial synthesis promoting with combined microwave-ultrasonic-UV technique to facilitate the spiro synthesis via rising reaction mass efficiency, yield- and atom economy. This approach is transformed via a sono-luminescence process to create spiroheterocyclic products 5 – 22 in a singular synthetic endeavor. The dual US/UV system promotes efficient green parameters during work-up and minimizes waste precursors. The structural integrity of the resultant compounds is affirmed by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR microanalyses. The insecticidal efficacy of the synthesized spiro derivatives was appraised against Spodoptera littoralis , Rhizoctonia solani , and Fusarium solani , with comparisons to chlorpyrifos and a creditable fungicide for certain pathogens. The structures and electronic characteristics of these novel agrochemical products were further investigated through molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) analysis.