Fuzzy reinforcement learning-based energy management strategy for the integration of hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicle

• FRL-based EMS optimizes the battery-supercapacitor power integration in EVs • Reduces EV battery stress, enhancing sustainability and performance, and longevity • Cuts battery current draw by 26%, improving efficiency and extending battery life • Lowers energy usage by 6.4%, enhancing EV range and operational efficiency • Reduces the battery cell temperature by 9.5% compared to battery only systems The rapid growth of electric two-wheelers imposes advanced energy management strategies to enrich battery lifetime, energy efficiency, and to ensure reliable operation under real-world driving conditions. This research proposes a fuzzy reinforcement learning-based energy management strategy which integrates battery and supercapacitor pack. The proposed fuzzy reinforcement learning-based strategy combines the uncertainty-handling capability of the fuzzy logic control with the adaptive learning capability of the reinforcement learning. Unlike most energy management strategies, focused on four-wheel electric vehicles, this research is precisely developed for electric two-wheelers and substantiated under real-world driving condition. The main objective of this research is to enhance the battery lifespan, reducing energy consumption rate, reducing maximum current drawn from the battery pack, increasing driving range, and improving thermal stability. The results of this research represents that the fuzzy reinforcement learning-based strategy reduces the peak current drawn from the battery pack by 3% and 23% compared to the battery-only system and the fuzzy logic control-based energy management strategy. In addition, the fuzzy reinforcement learning-based strategy reduces the battery cell temperature by 2.5% compared to the fuzzy logic control-based strategy and 9.5% in comparison to battery-only system. Furthermore, the findings shows that the fuzzy reinforcement learning-based strategy shrinks the energy consumption rate by 6.4% compared to the battery-only system. These findings conclude that the proposed energy management strategy provides an efficient energy efficiency, thermally stable and enduring energy management strategy in electric two-wheelers.