AMMI and GGE biplot analysis for seed yield and stability performance of selected buckwheat genotypes under multi-environmental trials

Buckwheat is an underutilized yet nutrient dense crop with immense potential for sustainable agriculture, especially in regions with challenging agroclimatic conditions. This study assessed the yield performance and stability of twenty buckwheat genotypes across two distinct locations over three consecutive years (2022-2024). Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis were performed to evaluate the genotype for stability and adaptability. The results indicated significant genotype × environment (G × E) interactions for all characters, emphasizing the necessity of multi-environmental trials for desirable selection and breeding. According to analysis of variance, environments had a significant impact on genotype performance. However, IC109729 (3.80 g per plant) and Sangla B-129 (2.86 g per plant) emerged as the most stable and high yielding genotypes. GGE biplot analysis indicated Shimla, 2023 and Sangla, 2023 were the most discriminative and representative environments, making them ideal for further testing and selection. These results highlight the importance of environmental assessment and genotype selection in buckwheat breeding, providing key insights for developing resilient varieties across diverse environments. These results can serve as a basis for enhancing the productivity of buckwheat and expanding its production in marginal areas, where traditional cereal crops are in the struggling phase.