Integrating nano-bubble technology and local bio-coagulants for water purification in Lake Titicaca, Peru

Lake Titicaca, shared by Peru and Bolivia, suffers from severe contamination due to urban, industrial, and agricultural activities. While nano-bubble (NB) technology shows promise for water purification, it has limitations with heavy metals and high operational costs. This study introduces a novel combination of NB technology with locally available bio-coagulants and bio-sorbents derived from Moringa and cactus to enhance pollutant removal. Unlike most previous research, which has focused on laboratory-scale applications, this study tests the treatment directly in the lake environment. Water quality parameters were assessed before and after treatment, showing significant reductions (p < 0.05) in BOD, COD, turbidity, NH₃, NO₃, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, EC, and coliform bacteria. COD reduction (p < 0.01) was attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NBs, enhanced microbial activity, and adsorption of organic pollutants by bio-sorbents. The combined use of NB and bio-coagulants improved turbidity reduction and sedimentation, while bio-sorbents supported heavy metal removal. Calcium and magnesium levels remained relatively stable, likely due to solubility constraints. A third novelty of this study is the application of remote sensing to monitor water quality changes. Although limitations in resolution and signal stability were noted, correlation analysis revealed strong associations among water quality parameters, supporting the feasibility of satellite-based monitoring. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness and novelty of integrating NB technology with locally sourced bio-based materials and remote sensing tools, offering a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for lake decontamination.