Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Brain: Possible Effects on Sport Performance

Abstract Purpose This review examines the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and the brain, with a specific focus on their implications for sport performance. The main research question addresses how gut-brain communication responds to physical activity and actively contributes to athletic performance in elite athletes subjected to high physiological demands. Methods A comprehensive review was conducted analysing the characteristics and development of gut microbiota, the methods used to investigate microbiota-brain interactions and the bidirectional communication pathways. The analysis distinguished the two directions of interaction brain-induced effects on microbiota and microbiota-induced effects on brain activity, with specific integration into sports contexts. Results The review identified that gut-brain communication constitutes a dynamic system that responds to physical activity through multiple pathways. Elite athletes, subjected to high-intensity training regimens, specialized nutritional approaches and specific performance goals, exhibit distinctive microbiota conditions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin and butyrate emerged as key mediators that contribute to adaptive gut microbiota conditions and facilitate microbiota-brain interactions. Conclusion The microbiota-gut-brain axis represents a fundamental system actively contributing to sport performance. The interdisciplinary evidence from neuroscientists, microbiologists, nutritionists and sports scientists demonstrates that understanding these interactions opens new frontiers for optimizing athletic performance through targeted modulation of this bidirectional communication system.