Unravelling the mystery of Nipah virus: from virus to therapeutics: current insights and future frontiers

Abstract Background Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-risk zoonotic infection that results in severe respiratory and neurological disease, with case fatality rates typically exceeding 70%. Driven by reservoir-host spillover and intermittent human-to-human transmission, NiV has led to recurring epidemics with significant public health and economical impacts since its first reported outbreak in 1998. Main body The current predicament has accelerated progress, highlighting the need for innovative strategies in NiV therapy. Although knowledge of its transmission and disease course has improved due to developments in molecular virology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology, surveillance reach constraints, delayed identification, and the lack of approved treatments or vaccinations limit effectiveness. Molecular, serological, radiographic, and virus isolation techniques are examples of diagnostic tools that have enhanced diagnosis validation but are still hindered by deployment and difficulties with accessibility. Similar advancements in monoclonal antibodies, antiviral drugs, and vaccine candidates supported by computational drug design are encouraging, but they are yet predominantly in the preclinical or early translational phases. Conclusion This study uncovers noteworthy developments in vaccine and glycoprotein research by systematically analysing patents linked to NiV. This evaluation reveals translational potential that could hasten the development of diagnostics and treatment. These observations provide a clear roadmap for improving outbreak preparedness and lowering the risk of high-fatality outbreaks in future, integrating scientific advancements with feasible public health strategies.