Dynamic pathways to academic engagement in university students: a mixed-methods study on growth mindset, grit, and academic self-efficacy with ecological momentary assessment

This study underscores the importance of fostering growth mindset, grit, and especially self-efficacy to enhance academic engagement among Chinese undergraduates. The findings highlight the value of a mixed-methods approach in developing a dynamic, culturally-grounded understanding of student motivation and point toward implications for creating culturally sensitive and moment-aware educational interventions.