Development of a low-cost laparoscopic appendicectomy simulation model with automated progress tracking: enhancing surgical training through innovation and accessibility

Laparoscopic surgery has become the standard for many surgical procedures globally, including laparoscopic Appendicectomy. However, access to adequate training, particularly in lower and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains challenging, impacting surgical proficiency and patient outcomes. This paper presents the development of a Laparoscopic Appendicectomy Simulation (LaApSi) model, a silicone-based, low-cost solution designed to enhance laparoscopic skills training, particularly in resource-constrained settings. The LaApSi model was developed by creating a negative mould based on anatomically accurate dimensions. High-grade silicone was used to replicate the texture of human tissue. The model integrates strategically placed assessment electronics with an Automated Progress Tracking System (APTS), offering real-time feedback on surgical manoeuvres and tracking trainee progress during simulations. The model is cost-effective, with initial production costs of £12.69 for the docking system and negative mould. This system can be used with multiple LaApSi models, each costing only £0.66 to produce. Equipped with the APTS, the LaApSi model provides a realistic and affordable option for simulation-based training in laparoscopic appendicectomy. Its cost-effectiveness and automated progress tracking make it a viable option for widespread adoption, particularly in LMICs. Additionally, the production methodology is adaptable to other laparoscopic procedures, presenting opportunities for broader applications in surgical education and training.