An open-source and low-cost dual-extruder 3D printer for macroscale biotic materials

Abstract This work presents the design and fabrication of a novel, dual-extruder biotic 3D printer, tailored for precise deposition of natural biomaterials such as pectin, chitosan, and cellulose. Moving beyond the limitations of traditional thermoplastic extrusion which relies on non-renewable plastics and produces significant waste, this printer utilizes a syringe-based mechanical extruder to deposit viscous biotic material hydrogels. The integration of a dual-extruder system enables the creation of multi-material prints, offering new possibilities for sustainable and biotic manufacturing. Designed with accessibility and versatility in mind, the system features user-friendly operation suitable for non-experts with open-source hardware and software. By providing a robust, customizable, and open-source platform, this work aims to empower researchers, educators, and innovators to advance biomaterials research and expand the reach of sustainable additive manufacturing. The printer fosters a collaborative community and lays the groundwork for further exploration of biological designs and materials.