Micro(Nano)plastics in Human Carcinogenesis: Emerging Evidence and Mechanistic Insights

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are globally ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have become a growing concern for human health, but their potential role in human carcinogenesis remains to be determined. Over the past few years, MNPs have been identified as potential carcinogenic and mutagenic agents in various human samples as they induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and immune dysregulation, which can alter the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting cancer development and metastasis. Researchers are actively investigating the health risks posed by MNP particles in order to establish clearer links between MNP exposure and the onset of various human cancers. Although recent research suggests a potential tumorigenic connection between MNPs and some cancer types like skin, lung, breast and gastrointestinal cancers, further studies are required to clarify their long-term effects and specific mechanisms. In our review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the carcinogenic impacts of MNPs and the underlying molecular mechanisms through which MNP exposure may contribute to human cancer progression. Additionally, we highlight existing knowledge gaps and provide important recommendations for future research on the carcinogenic potential of MNPs.