AI chatbots versus human healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of empathy in patient care
Future research should validate these findings with direct patient evaluations and assess whether emerging voice-enabled AI systems can deliver similar empathic advantages.
Authors
- Simon Gay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-9824)
- Jeremy Howick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-7206)
- John Griffiths (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9865-7937)
- Amber Bennett‐Weston (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-9393)
- Ahmad Khan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4314-5747)
- Alastair Howcroft
Institutions
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Queen's Medical Centre (GB)
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- British Medical Bulletin
- Published
- 2025-09-18
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaf017
- Citations
- 15
- Primary Topic
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 9.81