Toxic metal contamination and health risk assessment of packaged fruit juices for children in Gondar city, Ethiopia

Fruit juice is a widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage, particularly by children in developing countries. However, prolonged consumption can lead to the accumulation of toxic metals in the body, potentially increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. This study examines the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni in 80 packaged fruit juice samples and their health risks consumed by children in Gondar city, Ethiopia.The study found Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the ranges of 0.01-0.1, 0.0003-0.008, 0.01-0.04, and 0.0025-0.08 mg/L, respectively. Several samples exceeded international safety limits for Cd, Ni, and Pb. Health risk assessment revealed that all metals had THQ values less than 1, indicating there will not be a potential non-cancer health risks. CR estimates also suggested that all metals were within acceptable level. High levels of Cd, Pb, and Ni were detected in strawberry and pineapple juices, while mango juices contained lower concentrations. Additionally, fruit juices packaged in cans and glass containers exhibited higher levels of toxic metals compared to those in tetra packs and plastic bottles. The increasing intake of packaged fruit juices, especially among children, has raised concerns regarding the health risks linked to toxic metal contamination. This study emphasizes the need for regulations and public health awareness about the risks of consuming contaminated packaged fruit juices.