Advances in Materials Development for Solid Oxide Electrolysis: To Overcome Fuel Efficiency and Durability Challenges via Nanoengineering Techniques

Extensive research has been conducted on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) as advanced electrolysis technologies for the electrochemical conversion of CO2, H2O, and H2O/CO2 mixtures into syngas, i.e., CO, H2, and H2/CO. SOECs demonstrate high-energy conversion efficiencies in the electrolysis of H2O and CO2, enabling the sustainable production of hydrogen and low-carbon fuels. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing key components of SOEC to improve their performance and durability, thereby promoting their integration in practical energy conversion and storage applications. Nevertheless, the absence of highly active and stable electrodes in SOEC remains a significant challenge, limiting the practical application of H2O/CO2 electrolysis in these systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of SOECs background, encompassing its fundamental mechanism, the development of electrodes and electrolyte materials, and the key challenges affecting performance. It highlights nanoengineering techniques designed to reduce overpotentials, with a particular focus on advancing the core components of SOECs, i.e., electrodes and electrolytes. Nanoengineering techniques demonstrate the potential to enhance the conductivity of fabricated SOECs devices even at low temperatures, thereby improving the efficiency, durability, and lifespan of SOEC. Additionally, the review addresses existing challenges and outlines opportunities for future research in SOEC development. It provides valuable insights and practical strategies for designing advanced electrodes that contribute to the commercialization of SOECs.