Behavioural nudges in circular economy transitions: evidence and gaps from urban consumption systems

Urban sustainability requires innovative approaches that simultaneously address resource efficiency, waste reduction, and behavioural change. This study critically examines the role of behavioural nudges in promoting circular economy practices within urban contexts, synthesising insights from behavioural economics, industrial ecology, and urban governance literature. The research highlights how choice architecture, defaults, and framing can influence urban residents’ consumption and disposal behaviours, particularly in waste management, repair initiatives, and resource recovery programmes. Case studies from diverse municipal contexts illustrate both the potential and limitations of nudges, emphasising that short-term behavioural shifts do not automatically translate into long-term environmental gains. Quantitative evidence on resource savings, waste reduction rates, and behavioural persistence underscores the need for system-level integration, linking nudges with infrastructure, policy, and financial incentives. Importantly, the study identifies critical research gaps, including underexplored cultural contexts, vulnerable populations, and a lack of longitudinal impact assessments, which constrain scalable, equitable interventions. The analysis concludes with policy recommendations for designing integrated nudge systems embedded within urban planning, emphasising participatory design, equity, and sustainability metrics. This was achieved by combining behavioural insights with circular economy principles. The study provides a framework for evidence-based interventions that enhance urban resource efficiency, foster pro-environmental behaviour, and support the transition toward resilient and inclusive cities. This research contributes to both academic knowledge and practical policy by outlining pathways for sustainable, long-term urban transformation.