Nonlinear dynamic analysis of functionally graded annular sandwich porous plates reinforced with graphene platelets in a thermal environment

This study presents a comprehensive nonlinear dynamic analysis of functionally graded annular sandwich porous plates reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs). The governing equations of motion are derived from Von Kármán’s non-linear relations, utilizing modified higher-order shear deformation theory (MHSDT). These equations are subsequently solved using dynamic relaxation (DR) coupled with the Newmark time integration scheme. The research investigates the effects of porosity distribution, GPL reinforcement, and thermal environment on the structural response of annular plates under different mechanical dynamic loadings. Key findings reveal that GPL reinforcement effectively mitigates thermal deflections and stresses, reducing peak amplitudes by 25%–40%, depending on distribution patterns and mass fractions. The findings provide prominent insights for optimizing the design of lightweight, high-performance sandwich structures in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering applications. This work advances the understanding of coupled thermo-mechanical dynamic behavior in functionally graded composites, offering a foundation for future innovations in smart materials and adaptive structures.