Longer commute time is associated with a higher risk of miscarriage: a mixed-effects longitudinal study

A longer commute may represent a modifiable risk factor for miscarriage. Reducing commute time through home-based work, transport-related policies, or flexible scheduling to avoid peak hours could help mitigate this risk, particularly for women with an elevated baseline risk. Future studies should explore potential mechanisms linking commuting to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stress, environmental exposures, and disruptions to circadian rhythms.