Comparative analysis of upper labial frenulum surgical techniques: from scalpel to laser

The upper labial frenulum (ULF) is a connective tissue band that can significantly impact oral function and aesthetics when hypertrophic or abnormally positioned. This review examines surgical techniques for managing ULF, comparing traditional scalpel-based procedures with laser-assisted methods. Conventional treatments like frenectomy and frenulotomy remain common but have drawbacks such as increased bleeding during surgery, longer healing times, and postoperative discomfort. Z-plasty, while effective at improving both function and appearance, demands advanced surgical skill. Laser-assisted surgery provides a minimally invasive alternative, offering benefits like greater precision, less intraoperative bleeding, faster recovery, and increased patient comfort. Various lasers, including diode, CO₂, and Er: YAG types, enable precise tissue removal and effective blood control, often eliminating sutures. However, their widespread adoption is limited by high equipment costs and specialized training requirements. Although laser surgery offers clear advantages, more randomized clinical trials are needed to establish standardized protocols and enhance long-term outcomes. Future research should explore combining regenerative techniques, such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), with advances in AI-assisted laser surgery. This review underscores the expanding role of laser technology in ULF treatment and emphasizes the necessity of ongoing innovation to improve clinical results, patient satisfaction, and accessibility in dental practice.