Effect of Ba:Ti Molar Ratio and Sintering Temperature on the Structural and Electrical Properties of BaTiO3-Type Solid Solutions, Synthesized by the Hydrothermal Method
The results of the effect of the three Ba:Ti molar ratios (MR) (1:1, 2:1, 4:1) and four sintering temperatures (1250, 1275, 1300, 1325 °C) on the structural and electrical properties of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BT)-type ceramics synthesized by the hydrothermal method are shown. The BT phase formed was analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), dielectric and ferroelectric measurements and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). For the samples synthesized using a Ba:Ti MR of 4:1 and at all sintering temperatures analyzed, XRD results confirmed the presence of the tetragonal ferroelectric phase, BT. In the same way, these results corroborated the results obtained by the RS technique. Dielectric properties measured at 100 kHz and 1 MHz over a temperature range of 30 °C-200 °C indicated a relative permittivity value of 4280 at 1 MHz and 4200 at 100 KHz at a Curie temperature of 110 °C in both cases for the sample synthesized at with a Ba:Ti MR ratio of 4:1 and sintered at 1300 °C. Ferroelectric measurements for the samples showed a best remnant polarization (Pr) of 3.5 µC/cm<sup>2</sup> for the sample synthesized with a Ba:Ti MR ratio of 4:1 and sintered at 1325 °C. The HRSEM results showed grains composed of Ba, Ti, and O homogeneously distributed in the BT structure, and a trend of increasing average grain size with increasing sintering temperature was observed.
Authors
- Alejandro Cruz‐Ramírez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-596X)
- L. Ramajo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-9283)
- Sayra Ordóñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8483-9078)
- José Agustín Palmas León (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5659)
- Miguel Pérez Labra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9882-6932)
- Aislinn Michelle Teja Ruíz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9503-7599)
- Rodrigo Parra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0974-4968)
- Francisco Raúl Barrientos Hernández (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-7162)
- V. Acosta-Sánchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-8998)
Institutions
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (MX)
- National University of Mar del Plata (AR)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (AR)
- Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo (MX)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Materials
- Published
- 2025-10-21
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204797
- Primary Topic
- Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo