EFFECT OF MANGANESE-PHTHALOCYANINE ADDITIVES ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

This study investigates the effects of Mn-YG (manganese-phthalocyanine) fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine. Engine tests were conducted at a constant speed of 2500 rpm under varying load conditions using two fuel blends, Mn-YG5 (5% Mn-YG by volume) and Mn-YG10 (10% Mn-YG by volume), compared with pure gasoline. The results revealed notable improvements in fuel efficiency and emission reductions, particularly at low-load conditions. The Mn-YG10 blend exhibited higher energy density and combustion efficiency, achieving reductions in specific fuel consumption of 28.82% , while Mn- YG5 achieved 29.97% compared to gasoline. Both blends substantially decreased CO and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, with Mn-YG5 reducing NO<sub>x</sub> by 22.27% and Mn-YG10 by 17.16% . Although CO<sub>2</sub> emissions increased under higher loads, overall reductions of 18.51% (Mn-YG5) and 12.72% (Mn-YG10) were observed. Additionally, brake thermal efficiency improved by 4.48% for Mn-YG5 and 10.39% for Mn-YG10, indicating enhanced heat-to-work conversion and reduced fuel consumption. These findings highlight the potential of Mn-YG fuel additives in improving engine performance and contributing to emission mitigation.