Large Intelligent Surfaces With Low-End Receivers: From Scaling to Antenna and Panel Selection

Feasibility of the promising large intelligent surface (LIS) concept, as well as its scalability, relies on the use of low-cost hardware components, raising concerns about the effects of hardware distortion. We analyze LIS systems with receive-chain (RX-chain) hardware distortion, showing how it may limit performance gains when scaling up these systems. In particular, using the memory-less polynomial model, analytical expressions are derived for the signal to noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR) after applying maximum ratio combining (MRC). We also study the effect of back-off and automatic gain control on the RX-chains. The derived expressions enable us to evaluate the scalability of LIS when hardware impairments are present. The cost of assuming ideal hardware is further analyzed by quantifying the minimum scaling required to achieve the same performance with non-ideal hardware. The analytical expressions derived in this work are also used to propose practical antenna selection schemes for LIS, and we show that such schemes can improve the performance significantly leading to increased energy efficiency. Specifically, by turning off RX-chains with lower contribution to the post-MRC SNDR, we can reduce the energy consumption while maintaining performance. We also consider a more practical scenario where the LIS is deployed as a grid of multi-antenna panels, and we propose panel selection schemes to optimize the complexity-performance trade-offs and improve the system overall efficiency.