Capacity scheduling optimization and regulation power allocation for improving AGC performance considering asymmetric characteristics of new regulation resources

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into power systems exacerbates power imbalance and deteriorates frequency quality, which poses significant challenges to the system’s limited regulation capacity of synchronous generators. Procuring additional frequency regulation services from new regulation resources (NRRs), e.g., RES, energy storage, and demand response, offers a potential solution. Unlike synchronous generators, which have near-symmetry in upward/downward capability and cost, NRRs display significant asymmetries that hinder their participation. To address the issue, this paper reveals the asymmetric characteristics of NRRs through a novel cost quantification model. This model captures NRRs’ capacities and operational costs under varying conditions, highlighting the distinct disparities between upward and downward regulation. Building upon this characterization, a novel regulation capacity scheduling model is developed to jointly minimize scheduled capacity costs and expected regulation costs. This model bridges the scheduling and real-time stages by establishing a relationship between scheduled capacity and expected mileage using system-level and resource-level mileage ratios. Moreover, an adaptive regulation power allocation strategy for the automatic generation control (AGC) systems is introduced, incorporating real-time regulation costs and a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based uncertainty reformulation with scenario-adaptive truncation, enabling effective real-time control under uncertainty. The proposed framework, which integrates these elements for systematic asymmetric resource coordination, is validated through simulations on a modified IEEE 118-bus system. The results show significant reductions in operational costs and improved control performance. This study enhances the economic efficiency and operational reliability of power systems with high-RES penetration through systematic coordination of asymmetric resource characteristics.