Appetite responses to different doses of cottonseed oil in adults at risk of cardiovascular disease

High doses of cottonseed oil (CSO) have improved markers of appetite. The objective of this study was to examine dose response effects of CSO vs. a control (CON) diet on appetite responses in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This 28-day parallel outpatient feeding intervention randomized participants into a CSO dose group: LOW (10 % estimated energy needs (EEN) CSO; n = 23), MID (20 % EEN CSO; n = 23), or HIGH (30 % EEN CSO; n = 22) or CON (10 % EEN from oil mixture; n = 23). At pre- and post-intervention, participants consumed a high fat meal challenge with 5-hr postprandial blood draws to evaluate cholecystokinin, peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin. Participants completed VAS questionnaires for subjective appetite at the same timepoints and hourly the remainder of the day with a food record. From pre- to post-intervention, postprandial ghrelin and PYY were suppressed in LOW and HIGH (p < 0.01 for all) vs. MID and CON (p > 0.05 for all). Subjective hunger was suppressed in LOW, MID, and HIGH (p < 0.01 for all) vs. CON (p = 0.93). Fullness in all CSO groups increased (p < 0.01 for all) vs. a reduction in CON (p = 0.04). Desire to eat was suppressed in LOW, MID, and CON (p < 0.01 for all) vs. HIGH (p = 0.95), and overall subjective appetite decreased in LOW and MID (p < 0.01 for both) vs. HIGH and CON (p > 0.05 for both). Altogether, enriching diets with 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % CSO improved markers of subjective appetite only in adults at-risk for CVD.