Untargeted metabolomics unveils metabolic biomarkers in HFpEF

A total of 124 significantly different metabolites were identified (VIP >1.0, FC > 1.2 or <0.833, P < 0.05). Lipids and lipid-like molecules were notably altered in HFpEF patients. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated these metabolites were primarily involved in tryptophan metabolism. Hierarchical clustering showed distinct compound levels between groups. ROC curve analysis revealed PC 18:1-20:5 (AUC: 0.833) and PC 18:1-18:1 (AUC: 0.824) as key metabolites. ELlSA validation confirmed that serum Kynurenine and IAA levels were significantly elevated in HFpEF patients compared to HCs (p < 0.05).