Effects of ambient humidity and surface topography on fingermark recovery from <scp>PLA 3D</scp> ‐printed surfaces

The increasing accessibility of 3D printing, made possible by the affordability of equipment and materials, has led to its widespread adoption in both domestic and industrial applications, with polylactic acid (PLA) being a commonly used material. The layer-by-layer deposition process in fused deposition modeling creates surface texture variations that significantly influence the development and recovery of latent fingermarks. This study examined the effect of raster lines on fingermark development by depositing latent fingermarks on the X, Y, and Z faces of 3D-printed PLA objects. Powder development was applied both along and against the 3D print grain. Development against the grain caused excess powder accumulation within raster lines, partially obscuring ridge detail. In contrast, applying powder along the grain minimized accumulation, enabling clearer visualization of ridge features. Top and side surfaces generally yielded higher quality grades, attributed to smoother surfaces from better interlayer bonding. However, raster lines created discontinuities in ridge transfer, hindering coincident sequence determination. Cyanoacrylate ester fuming effectively addressed this limitation, producing continuous ridge detail on top and side surfaces, and leading to higher quality grades.