Cadmium (Cd) toxicity and its remediation through plant growth promoting bacteria

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity and its remediation through plant growth promoting bacteria This review explores how Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal that continues to pollute our environment, impacts plants and humans, and examines how plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be used for eco-friendly remediation through multi-omics approaches. Heavy metals are defined as elements that are denser and heavier than water. Heavy metal pollution is caused by socioeconomic and industrial activities, and is considered one of the biggest environmental problems (Khalef et al., 2022; Ali et al., 2019). Another definition of heavy metal is a naturally occurring chemical element in water, soils, and rock, with a density of more than 5 g/cm3 (Nyika & Dinka, 2023).