Forest regeneration and structural attributes of Sekelamariam forest in the sub-tropical highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia

Understanding the structure and regeneration status of woody species is essential for the conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems. This study assessed the species composition, population structure, and regeneration status of Sekelamariam Forest in Denbecha, located in the sub-tropical highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. A systematic sampling approach was employed, with 42 plots (20 m × 20 m) established for mature woody species, while five subplots (5 m × 5 m) within each plot recorded saplings and seedlings. Plots were spaced at 50 m intervals along altitudinal gradients, with transects placed 100 m apart. A total of 59 woody species, representing 39 genera and 38 families, were identified, with Fabaceae being the most dominant family, followed by Euphorbiaceae. The forest exhibited a density of 750 stems/ha for mature trees, 1,593 stems/ha for saplings, and 2,890 stems/ha for seedlings, with a total basal area of 7.4 m²/ha. Signs of anthropogenic disturbances, including grazing and selective cutting, were observed, particularly at lower elevations, leading to the depletion of valuable species. The population structure and regeneration analysis indicated that while some species exhibited strong regeneration potential, others showed poor recruitment, emphasizing the urgent need for conservation interventions. Given its status as one of the last remaining natural forests in the region, protecting Sekelamariam Forest is critical for biodiversity conservation and as a genetic reservoir for afforestation and restoration initiatives in surrounding landscapes.