Classification of daily lifestyle patterns and their relationships with household energy consumption in apartment buildings: a case study of Indonesia

It is particularly important to find the ways to balance between the improvement of quality of life (QoL) and energy-saving objectives in the fast-growing countries. This study analyzes typical patterns of occupant daily behaviors and whole daily lifestyles among workers and housewives in apartment buildings of Indonesia, and examines their relationships with household energy consumption (HEC). We considered 24-hour occupant daily activities, including indoors and outdoors, through a large-scale questionnaire survey conducted in major cities of Indonesia (n = 2,342). Several behavioral patterns were extracted through cluster analyses and further classified into the following three groups: (1) indoor behaviors with direct impacts on HEC; (2) outdoor behaviors with indirect impacts of socio-economic attributes on HEC; (3) outdoor behaviors with indirect rebound impacts on HEC. Similarly, eight to nine typical daily lifestyle patterns were identified for workers and housewives, respectively. It was found that background socio-demographic factors indirectly but intensively affected their HEC levels through various paths. There were two shifts in their energy consumption. The first shift was caused by the difference in places where the specific activities took place, such as social gatherings. The second shift was caused by the rebound effect due to a long exposure to the hot-humid outdoors.