Vision-Based Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Grasping of Moving Objects on a Conveyor

This study introduces an autonomous framework for grasping moving objects on a conveyor belt, enabling unsupervised detection, grasping, and categorization. The work focuses on two common object shapes—cylindrical cans and rectangular cartons—transported at a constant speed of 3–7 cm/s on the conveyor, emulating typical scenarios. The proposed framework combines a vision-based neural network for object detection, a target localization algorithm, and a deep reinforcement learning model for robotic control. Specifically, a YOLO-based neural network was employed to detect the 2D position of target objects. These positions are then converted to 3D coordinates, followed by pose estimation and error correction. A Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm was then used to provide continuous control decisions for the robotic arm. A tailored reinforcement learning environment was developed using the Gymnasium interface. Training and validation were conducted on a 7-degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) robotic arm model in the PyBullet physics simulation engine. By leveraging transfer learning and curriculum learning strategies, the robotic agent effectively learned to grasp multiple categories of moving objects. Simulation experiments and randomized trials show that the proposed method enables the 7-DOF robotic arm to consistently grasp conveyor belt objects, achieving an approximately 80% success rate at conveyor speeds of 0.03–0.07 m/s. These results demonstrate the potential of the framework for deployment in automated handling applications.