From Solid to Solution: How Surface-Active Agents Influence Bioleaching Efficiency and Bacteria–Mineral Interactions

The search for sustainable methods of metal recovery has led to increased interest in bioleaching as a sustainable alternative to traditional mineral processing. Despite the ecological benefits, the low bioprocess efficiency is limiting industrial applications. Surfactants offer a promising solution by modifying solid–liquid interactions and improving metal extraction. The review summarizes the effect of surfactants, biosurfactants, polymers, and flotation reagents on the bioleaching efficiency of various mineral materials. It includes their impact on microbial activity, bacteria–mineral interactions, as well as mineral properties such as surface potential and hydrophobicity. Recent literature from the past decade is critically evaluated. Current knowledge limitations and future directions for the effective use of surface-active agents in metal bioextraction were discussed.